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The species Simian sapelovirus consists of
three virus types isolated from monkeys: i) simian virus (SV) 2; ii)
SV16, SV18, SV42, SV44 and SV45; and iii) SV49. It is proposed to call
these simian sapelovirus (SSV) 1, SSV-2 and SSV-3.
ReferencesOberste, M.S., Maher, K. and Pallansch,
M.A. (2002). Molecular phylogeny and proposed classification of the
simian picornaviruses. J. Virol. 76: 1244-1251.
Oberste, M.S., Maher, K. and Pallansch, M.A. (2003). Genomic evidence
that simian virus 2 and six other simian picornaviruses represent a new
genus in Picornaviridae. Virology 314: 283-293.
Pöyry, T., Kinnunen, L., Hovi, T. and Hyypiä, T. (1999).
Relationships between simian and human enteroviruses. Journal of General
Virology 80: 635-638.
News
VRDL-1: A possible new sapelovirus of human or simian origin
Abstract from Victoria et al., 2008.
Background:
Public surveillance of bacterial and viral infections is critical in
detecting and preventing new outbreaks of known viruses. Occasionally,
identification of a specific causative agent using all available
serological, histology and genetic tests fails. Six such untypable
samples collected between 1963 and 1980, three from homogenized insect
tissues inoculated by intracerebral injection of fetal mouse brain and
three derived from human tissues in cell culture inoculations, were
targeted for viral discovery.
Methods:
Viral particles were purified from cells and cellular debris by 0.45μm
filtration. Following digestion of all non-encapsidated nucleic acid
with DNase and RNase, protected viral RNA and DNA was amplified using
sequence independent reverse transcription and random amplification.
Products were cloned, sequenced and analyzed using BLAST.
Results:
In all 6 cases a single viral agent was rapidly identified by limited
sequencing (between 42-108 clones) and labeled as VRDL-1 through VRDL-6.
Initial sequencing provided between 16% - 75% of viral genomes. All
viruses derived from human samples (VRDL1, VRDL2 and VRDL-4) belonged to
the
picornaviridae
family and ranged from 77% to 99% amino acid identity to known viruses.
Insect derived viruses (VRDL-3, VRDL-5, VRDL-6) exhibited amino acid
identities between 25% to 98% to the segmented
reoviridae
family. VRDL-4 and VRDL-5 represent viruses which at the time of
collection and initial typing were unknown but have since been well
characterized. VRDL-3 and VRDL-6 are highly divergent viruses,
potentially members of a new viral genus within the
reoviridae
family. VRDL-1 shared a high percentage of sequence identity to several
simian picornaviruses sequences within the provisional “Sapelovirus”
genus. VRDL-1 likely originated from the primary primate cell lines used
during tissue culture as many simian enteroviruses were identified as
contaminants between 1950 and 1980. The entire VRDL-1 genome was
obtained, representing a new member of the “Sapelovirus” genus.
Conclusions:
Nonspecific shotgun sequencing of virus particles is both simple and
effective for rapidly detecting highly divergent viruses, including
reoviridae
and
picornaviridae
family members, where traditional techniques, such as consensus PCR,
have failed.
References Victoria,
J.G., Kapoor, A., Dupuis, K., Schnurr, D.P. and Delwart, E.L.
(2008). Rapid identification of divergent and novel viruses from
previously untypable California State Department of Public Health
Pathogen Surveillance Program samples [abstract]. International
Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases 2008: slide sessions and
poster abstracts. Emerging Infectious Diseases [serial on the
Internet]. 2008 Mar 14. Available from
http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/14/3/ICEID2008.pdf.
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