Bovine rhinoviruses

The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.

Bovine rhinoviruses (BRVs) were first isolated in Germany by Bogel and Bohm (1962) (Table 1). Further isolations of antigenically related viruses followed in Germany (Mayr et al., 1965; Wizigmann and Schiefer, 1966), the United States (Mohanty and Lillie, 1968), England (Ide and Darbyshire, 1969), Japan (Shimizu et al., 1973; Kurogi et al., 1974), Italy (Persechi, 1974) and the Sudan (Eisa, 1980) (Table 1). An antigenically distinct BRV was isolated circa1964 by Reed et al. (1971) and designated type 2 (Mohanty, 1973; Kurogi et al., 1975)(now renamed bovine rhinitis B virus). More recently a BRV isolated in Japan has been proposed as BRV type 3 (Yamashita et al., 1985). Four BRVs isolated in the United States were not compared with other BRVs (Rosenquist, 1971). No cross reactions have been detected between BRV type 1 (RS 3x) and FMDV by VN (Ide and Darbyshire, 1969), between BRV types 1 (RS 3x) and 2 (EC11) and FMDV by complement fixation (CF; N.J. Knowles, unpublished data), or between BRV type 1 and BEV types 1 and 2 by VN (Ide and Darbyshire, 1969), or between BRV types 1 and 2 and BEV types 1 and 2 by CF (N.J. Knowles, unpublished data). No cross reactions were detected between BRVs and antisera to bovine enteroviruses in an indirect sandwich ELISA (Höfner et al., 1993).

Table 1. Bovine rhinoviruses (BRV)
Type	Strain	Geographic origin	Year	Source	Reference
BRV-1	Sd-1	Germany			Bogel and Bohm, 1962
	181/V	Germany			Wizigmann and Schiefer, 1966
	C-07	Maryland, USA		Nasal swab	Mohanty and Lillie, 1968
	RS 3x	England		Nasal swab	Ide and Darbyshire, 1969
	M-17	Japan	1972	Nasal swab	Kurogi et al., 1974
	Chitose	Japan	1972	Nasal swab	Shimizu et al., 1974
		Italy			Persechi, 1974
	VC-96				?
	FS1-43	Iowa, USA	c.1980		Lupton et al., 1980
		Sudan	c.1980	Nasal secretions	Eisa, 1980
BRV-2	EC 11	England	c.1964	Lungs	Reed et al., 1971
BRV-3	H-1	Japan	c.1984	Nasal swab	Yamashita et al., 1985

The viruses are rapidly inactivated at acid and alkaline pH, are inactivated at 50 °C and generally not stabilized by 1M MgCl₂ although apparently some strains are stabilized (e.g. C-07). Haemagglutination has been looked for but not demonstrated (Ide and Darbyshire, 1969).

Bovine rhinoviruses have been isolated from the upper respiratory tract of cattle with acute respiratory disease and from nasal swabs taken from healthy animals. Their role in disease is uncertain and experimental infections have sometimes produced sub-clinical infection or mild respiratory disease (Mohanty et al., 1969; Betts et al., 1971; Ide and Darbyshire, 1972c). Antibody surveys would suggest these viruses are widespread in domesticated cattle populations.

They appear only to grow in cell cultures of bovine origin (e.g. calf thyroid or calf kidney) and titres are higher at 33 °C than at 37 °C. CPE is evident, however, viral titres are usually very low.

Specific cDNA and oligonucleotide probes have been used in hybridization assays to group human rhino- and enteroviruses. These also appeared to react with BRV type 1 (Sd-1) and type 2 (EC-11) (Al-Nakib et al., 1986). However, newly available nucleotide sequence data has shown that BRVs are not members of the genus Rhinovirus (see below).

In 2005, partial genome sequence data was presented at EURPOIC 2005 suggesting all three BRV serotypes were most closely related to the aphthoviruses (Knowles, 2005). Subsequently the (nearly) complete genome of BRV-2 was presented at EUROPIC 2006 (Hollister et al.,, 2006) confirming the earlier finding. From the partial genome sequence data it was suggested that BRVs could be divided into two species, one consisting of two serotypes, BRV-1 and BRV-3, and the second consisting of BRV-2. These are both distinct from the two existing Aphthovirus species, Foot-and-mouth disease virus and Equine rhinitis A virus. The taxonomic position of all three BRVs is currently under review by the ICTV Picornaviridae Study Group.

Betts, A.O., Edington, N., Jennings, A.R. and Reed, S.E. (1971). Studies on a rhinovirus (EC11) derived from a calf. II. Disease in calves. J. Comp. Pathol. 81: 41-48.

Bögel, K. and Böhm, H. (1962). Ein rhinovirus des rindes. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. A 187: 2-14.

Cummins, J.M. and Rosenquist, B.D. (1980). Protection of calves against rhinovirus infection by nasal secretion interferon induced by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 41: 161-165.

Hollister, J.R., Vagnozzi, A., Knowles, N.J. and Rieder, E. (2006). Molecular analysis of bovine rhinovirus type 2 shows a close relationship to the aphthoviruses. Northern Lights EUROPIC 2006: XIV Meeting of the European Study Group on the Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses, Saariselkä, Inari, Finland, 26th November-1st December 2006. Abstract A5.

Hollister, J., Vagnozzi, A., Knowles, N.J. and Rieder, E. (2008). Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of bovine rhinovirus type 2 show it is closely related to foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virology 373: 411-425. doi 10.1016/j.virol.2007.12.019.

Ide, P.R. and Darbyshire, J.H. (1969). Rhinoviruses of bovine origin. Br. Vet. J.125: 7-8.

Ide, P.R. and Darbyshire, J.H. (1972a). Studies with a rhinovirus of bovine origin. I. Growth in vitro of strain RS 3x. Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch.36: 166-176.

Ide, P.R. and Darbyshire, J.H. (1972b). Studies with a rhinovirus of bovine origin. II. Some physical and chemical properties of strain RS 3x. Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch.36: 177-188.

Ide, P.R. and Darbyshire, J.H. (1972c). Studies with a rhinovirus of bovine origin. III. The pathogenesis and pathology of infection with strain RS 3x in calves. Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch.36: 335-342.

Ide, P.R. and Darbyshire, J.H. (1972d). Studies with a rhinovirus of bovine origin. IV. Neutralizing activity against strain RS 3x in bovine sera. Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch.36: 343-350.

Ide, P.R. and Darbyshire, J.H. (1972e). Studies with a rhinovirus of bovine origin. V. Serological relationships between the RS3x and other bovine rhinovirus strains. Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch.37: 243-252.

Knowles, N.J. (2005). Molecular identification of all three bovine rhinovirus serotypes as members of the genus Aphthovirus. EUROPIC 2005: XIIIth Meeting of the European Study Group on the Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses, Lunteren, The Netherlands, 23-29th May 2005. Abstract A18.

Kurogi, H., Inaba, Y., Goto, Y., Takahashi, A. and Sato, K. (1974). Isolation of rhinovirus from cattle in outbreaks of acute respiratory disease. Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch.44: 215-226.

Kurogi, H., Inaba, Y., Takahashi, E., Sato, K. and Goto, Y. (1975). Serological differentiation of bovine rhinoviruses. Natl. Inst. Anim. Health. Q. (Tokyo) 15: 201-202.

Mayr, A., Wizigmann, G., Wizigmann, I. and Schleisser, T. (1965). Untersuchungen über infektiöse kälbererkrankungen während der neugeborenen-phase. Zentralbl. Veterinaermed. B 12: 1-12.

Mohanty, S.B. (1973). New herpesvirus and rhinoviral respiratory infections. J.A.V.M.A. 163: 855-857.

Mohanty, S.B. and Lillie, M.G. (1968). Isolation of a bovine rhinovirus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 128: 850-852.

Mohanty, S.B., Mohanty, A.H., Lillie, M.G., Albert, T.F. and Sass, B. (1969). Experimental exposure of calves to a bovine rhinovirus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 30: 1105-1111.

Persechi, A., (1974). Isolation and characterization of rhinoviruses from calves. Acta Med. Vet. 20: 333-358.

Reed, S.E, and Boyde, A. (1972). Organ cultures of respiratory epithelium infected with rhinovirus or parainfluenza virus studied in a scanning electron microscope. Infect. Immun. 6: 68-76.

Reed, S.E., Tyrrell, D.A., Betts, A.O. and Watt, R.G. (1971). Studies on a rhinovirus (EC11) derived from a calf. I. Isolation in calf tracheal organ cultures and characterization of the virus. J. Comp. Pathol. 81: 33-40.

Rosenquist, B.D. (1971). Rhinoviruses: isolation from cattle with acute respiratory disease. Am. J. Vet. Res. 32: 685-688.

Shimizu, Y., Narita, M. and Murase, N. (1974). Isolation of bovine rhinovirus from calves with respiratory disease. Natl. Inst. Anim. Health. Q. (Tokyo) 14: 35-41.

Wizigmann, G. (1974). [Epidemiology and etiology of bovine influenza. I. Occurrence and distribution of bovine adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, reoviruses, and parainfluenza 3 virus] Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 21: 563-579.

Wizigmann, G. (1974). [Epidemiology and etiology of bovine influenza. II. Association of bovine adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, reoviruses and parainfluenza 3 virus with bovine enzootic bronchopneumonia] Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 21: 580-591.

Wizigmann, G. and Schiefer, B. (1966). Isolierung von rhinoviren bei kälbern und undersuchungen über die bedeutung dieser viren für die entstehung von kälbererkrankungen. Zentralbl. Veterinaermed. B 13: 37-50.

Bovine Rhinoviruses: A Brief Introduction